Evidence Registry

The British Museum collection record identifies the Rosetta Stone as a granodiorite stela fragment dated to 196 BCE and bearing a priestly decree concerning Ptolemy V in hieroglyphic, Demotic, and Greek text blocks.

UCL and ARCE institutional summaries connect the text with the Memphis coronation and priestly decree of Ptolemy V in 196 BCE, while identifying the Rosetta Stone as one surviving copy of that decree.

The known Greek text and corresponding Egyptian passages provided a comparative basis for identifying names, phonetic values, and relationships between Demotic and hieroglyphic writing; Young made important advances and Champollion achieved the major 1822 breakthrough.

A peer-reviewed review article reports that the Antikythera shipwreck was discovered in 1900 and that the mechanism was recognized in the spring of 1902 as a geared device displaying calendrical and astronomical information.

The 2021 reconstruction study describes 82 surviving fragments, approximately one third of the original device, including 30 corroded bronze gearwheels; the fragments are damaged, incomplete, and covered by accretions.

Surface imaging and high-resolution X-ray tomography of the surviving fragments expanded the readable inscription corpus and supported reconstruction of gear functions, the lunar anomaly, and eclipse-prediction features.

The 2008 Nature study identifies a 19-year Metonic calendar, a four-year Olympiad display, and a Saros eclipse-prediction dial with associated inscriptions and corrections.

X-ray CT exposed inscriptions referring to the motions of the Sun, Moon, and five planets known in antiquity. The 2021 study combines these inscriptions with surviving mechanical constraints to propose a front Cosmos display.